Impact of Green Marketing on Young Consumers

Impact of Green Marketing on Young Consumers INTRODUCTION This study provides an overview of green marketing (is also known as ethnical and environmental marketing), the impact of green marketing towards the young consumers in Malaysia. The first part covers section on research problem, research objectives and research questions. RESEARCH BACKGROUND Throughout the twentieth century, many technologies and business practices have contributed to the destruction of the very ecological systems on which the economy and life itself depends, including toxic contamination, depletion of fisheries and forests, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss (Ottman et al.,2006). Many companies and consumers are beginning to respond to programs to help conserve the Earths natural resources, and green marketing is making a comeback (Ottman et al., 2006). Business management researchers Stuart Hart and Mark Milstein argue that the emerging challenge of global sustainability is catalyzing a new round of creative destruction that offers unprecedented opportunities for new environmentally sensitive innovations, markets, and products (Ottman et al., 2006). The progress of environmentalism in a country has significant role in changing consumers purchase behaviour as well as changing companys strategies to more environmental friendly. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2008), the first wave of modern environment and quality of life by environmental group and concerned consumers whereas second wave which passed law and regulations governing practices impacting the environment. At the moment, environmentalism waves is merging into a third and stronger wave in which companies are accepting responsibility for doing no environmental harm by adopting policies of environmental and sustain environment and produce profit (Kolter et al, 2008). PROBLEM STATEMENT The emerging trend of Go Green in the global is becoming more significant to the society in line with the growing awareness of global warming is accelerating, and the perception that it is posing a serious threat to humanity and the worlds environment (Star Publications (M) Bhd, 1995-2011). According to Our green world research report 2008 survey conducted by global insight and information group TNS, United Kingdom and other European countries are showing high interest in adopting changes in lifestyle and behaviour in the past to benefit the environments. The environmentalism in Asian countries especially for Thailand and Singapore are even more distinct through the society adaptation in environmental protection and green purchases through the effort of governments. On the aspect of eco-friendliness of habits and behaviours only 8% of Malaysian respondents responded they have changed their behaviour in a great deal to benefit the environment (Nabsiah Abdul Wahid et al, 2011). Despite the social adaptation of environmental consumption is rising, research indicates that many green products have failed because of marketers myopic focus on their products greenness over the broader expectations of consumers or other market players (such as regulators or activists) (Ottman et al., 2006). On the other hand, Tully and Schonfeld (1994) found that young consumers showing high concerned with social issues, particularly environmentalism. Many products are begin to tailored to suit young consumers as this group is representing a new generation of consumers with a strong potential impact on the type of goods and services offered in the market (Tan Lau, 2009). It is undeniable that young consumers play a relatively important consumers segment in the market as many researchers have been studying the behaviour and consumption patterns of this group which are the future marketing planners, policy makers and the new educators of the new economy. Therefore, the research is striving to find out how young consumers in Malaysia aware of green marketing? Does green marketing effectively changes the adaptation of green purchases among young consumers? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are as following: To review the concept of green marketing in consumer market. To analyse the environmental awareness, attitude and knowledge of young consumers in Malaysia. To evaluate the way that young consumers aware of green marketing. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the concept of green marketing in consumer market? What are the extent of environmental awareness, attitude and knowledge of young consumers in Malaysia? How the young consumers aware of green marketing? SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY The study aims to contribute the understanding of how young consumers perceived about green marketing in Malaysia. The research will examined the level of awareness of young consumers towards green marketing whether it will leads to positive environmental knowledge and attitude in making purchases. At the end of research, it is believed to provide some insights to green marketers regarding how they can expand their operation in Asia especially in Malaysia (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid 2011). LITERATURE REVIEW Green marketing Green marketing is defined as holistic marketing concepts where in the production, marketing consumption and disposal of products and services happen in a manner that is less detrimental to environment with growing awareness about the implications of global warming, non-biodegradable solid waste, harmful impact of pollutants etc (Tariq Ahmad, 2010). Kotler Armstrong (2008) defined it as an organized movement of concerned citizens and government to protect and enhance peoples living environment. The concept is starting to popularize in many countries and companies as a cognitive persuasion strategies to involve environmental costs into the consumers decision process (Suplico, Luz T, 2009) especially in their purchases of goods and services. Marketers always coined the term ecological marketing, green marketing, environmental marketing, eco-marketing and sustainable marketing (Coddington, 1993, Fuller, 1998 and Ottman, 1998) as a label of the greenness of their product and services. Despite many agree with the powerful function of green marketing, green products is still remained as niche goods attributed to marketers selling strategy which only to committed ethical consumers without the aid of mainstream marketing techniques (Josephine Pickett-Baker and Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Thus, many companies has started to include green concept in advertising as a way to connect consumers with their environmental friendly product and services. Green advertising Green advertising is known as environmental advertising which include popular terms such as recyclable, environmentally friendly, ozone safe and biodegradable (Clare DSouza Mehdi Taghian, 2005). Consumers response towards green advertising may turn out to be effective when the products meet their needs and aligns with their values (e.g saving money on fuel and increasing childrens safety) (Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Some consumers response negatively towards the messages in green advertising due to the credibility of green advertising is relatively low (Kilbourne, 1995) which is insufficient for attitudes change towards the advertisement leads to changes in brand attitudes (Gorn 1982; Lutz, Mac Kenzie and Belch, 1983; Mitchell and Olson, 1981). However, the study of Davis (1993) revealed that consumers weak response to environmental advertising is not the consequence of consumers unwillingness to take action and change their behaviour to purchase green products; rather consumers are unwilling to change their purchase behaviour given the manner in which green products have been promoted and advertised (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). However, many authors believe advertising works well when it tries to appeal to those values that drive consumer decision processes (Josephine Pickett-Baker, Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008) Hawkins et al. (1998) explain how the emotional content in advertisements increases attention, a critical step in the perception process. Emotional messages may be processed more thoroughly and remembered better as a result of increased alertness. It is reasonable to assume that advertising green products using emotional content would be more successful (Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Mendleson (1994) even commented that marketers should emphasize the ecological knowledge in their organizations, their products and their advertising in order to achieve the goal of changing the consumer purchasing behaviour (E lham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011) Young consumers Generation Y is the prevalent group of young consumers born between the years of 1980-1994 (Halstead, K, 2006 cited in Tee, 2007) which has greater purchasing power than any prior generation and it will heavily influence markets in the near future (Martin and Turley). Gen Y learns to shop at young age will eventually shape their shopping behaviour as adults (Ward, as cited in Halstead K, 2006). Therefore, it came as no surprise that many marketing and promotional efforts are targeted at this group of growing young consumers (Tan Lau, 2009) from consumer acceptance of unethical consumptions). Pratt et al. (1983) in their study found that young consumers often differ from elderly consumers in terms of their moral thinking (Tan Lau, 2009). This group of people are more open minded and strongly influence what happens in their homes (Josephine Pickett-Baker and Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008) Young consumers purchase decision According to Kotler and Armstrong, consumer purchase decision involves three major components: inputs, process and output (). The input consists of both internal and external influences. The output component involves the purchase behaviour and the post-purchase evaluation. The process component involves the psychological field such as motivation, perception, learning, personality and attitudes (Kotler Armstrong, 2008 cited in Luz T. Suplico, 2009). The study followed the proposed model of consumer decision-making process used in Luz T. Suplico (2009) that involves inputs, process and the output. Inputs will include environmental attitude, knowledge and the extent of awareness to green marketing (Peter Olson, 2009 cited in Luz T. Suplico, 2009). The expected output is the whether the consumers choose to purchase the product. Green consumption Green consumption defined as contradicted as consumer concerns about the environment do not necessarily behave in a green way in general, or in their purchasing (Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Green consumption began when consumers purchase behaviour is influenced by environmental concerns (Shrum, McCarty Lowrey, 1995 cited in Clare DSouza Mehdi Taghian, 2005). Study found that people who are environmentally conscious do not necessarily behave pro-environmentally: for example, people might throw rubbish away when most people around them do so (reactive process, as opposed to intentional decision making (Ohtomo and Hirose, 2007 cited in Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). In most cases, consumer will experience an improvement of environmental quality only when major sectors of the global population pursue generalized green consumer behaviour. Thus, the perceived individual customer benefit might not be a sufficiently powerful motivation to green purchasing (Belz and Dyllik, 1996 cited in Patrick Hartmann, Vanessa Apaolaza Ibà ¡Ãƒ ±ez, 2006). Environmental Awareness Environmental awareness and behaviours were found to be influenced by values, attitudes and knowledge (Haron et al, 2005). German scholars of Pakistan have added that the buyers level of awareness will affect attitude to environmental protection, the attitude of the environmental protection will affect the attitude of his green lifestyle, people with positive attitude of green lifestyle will involved in the purchase of green product and consumption activities (Juan Zhang, 2010, p.178). Unfortunately, in the case of Malaysia, the environmental awareness is still very low from the view of the importance of separating household solid waste and involvement in recycling programmes (Haron, S.A., Palm, L. Yahaya, N., 2005, p.428). Environmental Attitude Attitudes are the most consistent explanatory factor in predicting consumers willingness to pay for green products (Chyong et al., 2006 cited in Tan, Lau, 2010, p.30). Consumers product purchasing decisions are often based on their environmental attitudes (Irland, 1993; Schwepker and Cornwell, 1991 cited in Tan Lau, 2010). Environmental attitude is defined as the individuals value judgement of environmental protection which taps the individuals cognitive assessment of the value of the environmental protection (Lee, 2008 cited in Nabsiah Abdul Wahid et al, 2011). However, the demand and attitudes for green products is likely to be uneven across different market segments and cultures (Ottman Peattie, 1992 cited in Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid 2011) which need to be closely study. Environmental Knowledge In numerous studies, knowledge is an important factor in consumers decision-making process. Cohen (1973) commented that green marketing activities had play an important influence on increasing consumer knowledge and in shifting consumer into purchasing green products (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). Findings of Gendall et al reveals that men tended to have more knowledge than women; younger people tended to be more knowledgeable than older people; and the higher the level of education, the higher the level of knowledge (Haron, S.A., Palm, L. Yahaya, N. 2005, p.428). However, they concluded that generally the overall level of knowledge of Malaysian teenagers is low, especially among those studying in the arts stream compared with those studying in the sciences stream. (Haron, S.A., Palm, L., Yahaya, N., 2005, p.428). Bradley et al. (1999) commented that environmental education is able to create environmental awareness and promote environmentally responsible behaviour (c ited in Tan, Lau, 2009). Malaysian government has been promoting sustainable consumption practices among the public in various strategies. Social advertising is one of the approaches of Malaysian government to educate and foster environmental concern among the public (Haron et al., 2005). HYPOTHESIS Referencing from the existing literature, it is thus hypothesized that: HI: Green marketing has a positive H2: H3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Independent Variable Dependent Variable Impact of Green Marketing on Purchase Behaviour of Young Consumers in Malaysia Environmental Awareness Environmental Attitude Environmental Knowledge RESEARCH DESIGN For the purpose of this study, descriptive research will be undertaken using quantitative methodology to examine the impact of green marketing on young consumers purchase decision, environmental awareness, attitude and knowledge. SAMPLING DESIGN Target Population The target population for this study will be the under graduate, graduate and postgraduate students age ranging 18 to 25 years old. The reason of choosing individuals above this age is because they are familiar with purchasing of products and are also empowered in their decisions for choosing the right items between many available choices, therefore, considerate to environmental issues in their purchasing behaviour (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). Sampling Technique In this study, cluster sampling is deployed as it is a type of probability sampling where a random of subgroups is selected and all members of the subgroups become part of the sample (David A. Aaker, V. Kumar, George S Day, Robert P. Leone, 2010). By using probability sampling technique, the research findings can be generalized to the target population with a specified level of confidence (Hair et al., 2007). The advantage of cluster sampling is able to enhance sampling efficiency improved by decreasing cost at a faster rate than accuracy. The limitation of cluster sampling is resulted in relatively imprecise samples, and it is difficult to form heterogeneous cluster because, for example, household in a block tend to be similar rather than dissimilar (David A. Aaker, V. Kumar, George S Day, Robert P. Leone, 2010). Sampling location The questionnaire survey will be conducted in four private colleges or universities in Klang Valley in order to enhance the results of the findings. Sampling size The sampling size involved in this study will be 400 participants either in private colleges or universities in Klang Valley. DATA COLLECTION The data collections of this study consist of primary data and secondary data. Primary data will be collected through the distribution of questionnaires. James P. Neelankavil (2007) stated that secondary data collection is an important step in the research process because it is the key to accomplishing low cost research programme. The secondary data is retrieved from different websites, newspaper, magazines, journal articles database such as Emerald insight and Anglia Ruskin e-library which is both permanent and available in a form that may be checked relatively easily by other (Denscombe, 1998 cited in Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2007). However, the secondary data might fails to provide the information that appropriate to answer the research questions or research objectives will result in invalid answers (Kelvin, 1999 cited Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2007) PILOT STUDY According to Zikmund, et al (2010) the questionnaire has to be pretested to ensure the respondents understand the intended meaning of the questions as well as checking the problems attached in the wording and measurement. Thus, pilot study will be conducted by circulating 200 questionnaires among universities or colleges which the result is important to check the reliability and suitability the instrument. MEASURES The questionnaire will be divided into four sections. The first section will include demographic information which adapted from the study of Fong (2006) on environmental orientation of consumers in Malaysia (Nabsiah Abdul Wahid et al., 2011). The second section include the The third section of the questionnaire measuring on the respondents environmental attitude, the respondents environmental awareness and respondents green purchasing behaviour based on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) and (1 = never, 5 = always) is used in the study of Nik Abdul Rashid and Elham Rahbar and Nabisha Abdul Wahid. DATA ANALYSIS For this research, the data will be processed using statistical techniques which include factor analysis, descriptive analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Factor Analysis Factor analysis which is one type of multivariate analysis is used to define the underlying structure called factors among the variables in the analysis (Hair et al., 2007). Factor analysis will performed using the all the variables in this study to test whether the concept is correctly theorized. Descriptive Analysis Descriptive analysis involved summarizing and transforming the data into an understandable and interpretable mode (Zikmund et al., 2010). Descriptive analysis will be utilized in most parts of the analysis using mean and standard deviation of variables to help researchers understand the respondents perception of variables and other detailed analysis that were performed (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). Multiple Regression Analysis Multiple regression analysis will be performed to analyze the relationship between a dependent variable and independent variables and addressed hypothesis (Coakes and Steed, 2001; Hair et al., 1998 cited in Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). The control variables to be analyse included age and educational level of respondents whom constantly influenced by environmental knowledge (Haron et al, 2005). LIMITATIONS There are few limitations in this study. Firstly, the main limitation is the study will opened for colleges or universities students in Klang Valley only. Therefore, the result may not be appropriate to generalize finding to all young consumers in Malaysia. TIME SCALES REFERENCES Afzaal Ali, Athar Ali Khan, Israr Ahmed Waseem Shahzad, 2011. Determinants of Pakistani Consumers Green Purchase Behavior: Some Insights from a Developing Country. International Journal of Business and Social Science [e-journal] 2(3) Available at: [Accessed 18 April 2011]. Clare DSouza Mehdi Taghian, 2005. Green advertising affect on attitude and theme. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics [e-journal] 17(3)Available through: Emerald Group Publishing Limited database [Accessed 13 February 2011]. David A. Aaker, V. Kumar, George S Day, Robert P. Leone, 2010. Marketing research. John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd: Asia. Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011. Investigation of green marketing tools effect on consumers purchase behaviour. Business Strategy Series. [e-journal] 12(2) Available through: Emerald Group Publishing Limited database [Accessed 13 March 2011]. Hair, J.F.Jr., Money, A.H., Samouel, P., Page, M., 2007. Research methods for business. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Haron, S.A., Palm, L. Yahaya, N. 2005. Towards sustainable consumption: an examination of environmental knowledge among Malaysians. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 10 April 2011]. James P. Neelankavil, 2007. International business research, M.E.Sharpe, Inc: New York. Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008. Pro-environmental products: marketing influence on consumer purchase decision. Journal of Consumer Marketing [e-journal] 25(5) Available through: Emerald Group Publishing Limited database [Accessed 12 April 2011]. Juan Zhang, 2010. Green Marketing Strategy Analysis of Real Estate Based on Low-Carbon Economy. [online] Available at: [Accessed 1 April 2011]. Kaman Lee, 2008. Opportunities for green marketing: young consumers. Marketing Intelligent Planning [e-journal] 26(6) Available through: Emerald Group Publishing Limited database [Accessed 4 February 2011]. Kaman Lee, 2011. The Green Purchase Behaviour of Hong Kong Young Consumers: The Role of Peer influence, Local Environmental Involvement and concrete Environment Knowledge. Journal of International Consumer Marketing. [e-journal] 23(1), Abstract only. 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9th Grade Biology

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Immigrants and Health Care Essay - 2622 Words

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A Systematic Review Of The Existing Literature On Nursing

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction A systematic review of the existing literature on nursing and its various dimensions was done prior to the conduct of the research to have an in-depth understanding of the field as well as the various factors that have an effect on nursing. This also aids in exploring the extent to which the field of nursing have been explored. Nurses and midwives are the largest group of health workers who provide a wide range of health services, which include promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and supportive care to individuals, families and groups (WHO 2006). Their adequate representation and utilization in the health care system is very crucial to achieve the results for the services that are†¦show more content†¦Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.’ (ICN, 2002) There are several definitions for the term ‘Nurse’. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) provides a very comprehensive definition for the term ‘Nurse’. ‘The nurse is a person who has completed a program of basic, generalized nursing education and is authorized by the appropriate regulatory authority to practice nursing in his/her country. Basic nursing education is a formally recognized program of study providing a broad and sound foundation in the behavioral, life, and nursing sciences for the general practice of nursing, for a leadership role, and for post-basic education for specialty or advanced nursing practice. The nurse is prepared and authorized (1) to engage in the general scope of nursing practice, including the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of physically ill, mentally ill, and disabled people of all ages and in all health care and other community settings; (2) to carry out health care teaching; (3) to participate fully as a member of the health care team; (4) to supervise and train nursing and health care auxiliaries; and (5) to be involved in research.’ (ICN, 1987) 2.2.2 Roles and Functions of the Nurse There are several roles assumed by a nurse in the process of caring for the patients. 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Incident of the French Camp Free Essays

Incident of the French Camp Reference to Context Introduction These lines have been extracted from the poem Incident of the French Camp written by Robert Browning. The poem describes an act of chivalry, gallantry, patriotism and sacrifice on the part of a young French Soldier. The French Army had attacked the German city of Ratisbon. We will write a custom essay sample on Incident of the French Camp or any similar topic only for you Order Now After they had achieved triumph, the news of the victory was conveyed to the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte by that young soldier who was brimming with pride and glory although he was on the verge of death. Thereafter, the wounded soldier breathed his last. Lines YOU KNOW, WE FRENCH STORMED RATISBON: A MILE OR SO AWAY, ON A LITTLE MOUND, NAPOLEON STOOD ON OUR STORMING DAY; WITH NECK OUT-THRUST, YOU FANCY HOW, LEGS WIDE, ARMS LOCKED BEHIND, AS IF TO BALANCE THE PRONE BROW OPPRESSIVE WITH ITS MIND. Explanation In the lines given for explanation, the poet is describing the scene of the French attack on the German city of Ratisbon. Marshal Lannes led the French aggression in the year 1783. On that occasion, the French emperor Napoleon stood on a hillock just a mile away from the scene of the onslaught. He appeared to be in a pensive mood. He had his neck sticking out and his legs were wide apart. He had his arms joined behind his bark and a cloud on his brow was quite visible. It seemed that something very important was weighing upon his mind and he was perhaps working out his future strategy and line of action. Lines JUST AS PERHAPS HE MUSED, MY PLANS THAT SOAR, TO EARTH MAY FALL, LET ONCE MY ARMY. LEADER LANNES WAVER AT YONDER WALL,’- OUT ’TWIST THE BATTERY SMOKES THERE FLEW A RIDER, BOUND ON BOUND FULL-GALLOPING; NOR BRIDLE DREW UNTIL HE REACHED THE MOUND. Explanation These lines bring to light the contemplative nature of Napoleon, and the courage and enthusiasm of the young soldier who was heading towards him to convey the good news of victory. Napoleon was lost in his thoughts pondering over the events of the days to come. All his future planning depended upon his success at Ratisbon. He was eagerly waiting to see the French flag flutter over the German City. As he concentrated upon his future strategy, he observed a young French soldier rushing towards him, riding at top speed. The rider pierced through the blanket of smoke. He came straight to the place where Napoleon was standing and was waiting to receive the good tidings. Lines THEN OFF THERE FLUNG IN SMILING JOY, AND HELD HIMSELF ERECT BY JUST HIS HORSE’S MANE, A BOY: YOU HARDLY COULD SUSPECT – (SO TIGHT HE KEPT HIS LIPS COMPRESSED, SCARCE ANY BLOOD CAME THROUGH) YOU LOOKED TWICE ERE YOU SAW HIS BREAST WAS ALL BUT SHOT IN TWO. Explanation In the given lines, the poet appreciated the heroic behaviour of the young soldier. Although he was fatally wounded, he displayed extraordinary courage, confidence and self-control. He jumped off his horse and stood at attention before his chief. His mouth was full of blood but he had his lips so tightly sealed that not a drop of blood oozed out of it. He maintained his cool and composure, and with confidence and chivalry, conveyed the cheerful news of victory. One could never realize that the young soldier’s breast was shot into two unless one has very keen and observant eye on him. Lines ‘WELL, CRIED HE, ‘EMPEROR, BY GOD’S GRACE WE’VE GOT YOU RATISBON! THE MARSHAL’S IN THE MARKET-PLACE, AND YOU’LL BE THERE ANON TO SEE YOUR FLAG-BIRD FLAP HIS VANS WHERE I, TO HEART’S DESIRE, PERCHED HIM! ’ THE CHIEF’S EYE FLASHED; HIS PLANS SOARED UP AGAIN LIKE FIRE. Explanation In the lines given for explanation, the poet is describing the way in which the young soldier informed Napoleon of their success and the reaction of the Emperor to this good news. Although the young man was in intense pain and suffering, he finally opened his lips, and with a great sense of pleasure and personal pride, informed Napoleon of the annexation of the German City. Napoleon was delighted to learn that Marshall Lannes had reached the heart of the city and the emperor was eagerly awaited by the triumphant forces. The soldier felt a special kind of joy and pride in the fact that he, with his own hands, had flown the French flag over Ratisbon. The flag had the figure of a bird on it. Thus when the flag fluttered in the air, it seemed as though the bird on it. Thus when the flag fluttered in the air, it seemed as though the bird was flapping its wings. No sooner did Napoleon get the news of victory, a sparkle of joy and satisfaction came to his eyes. He once again started thinking about his future strategy. Lines THE CHIEF’S EYE FLASHED; BUT PRESENTLY SOFTENED ITSELF, AS SHEATHES A FILM THE MOTER-EAGLE’S EYE WHEN HER BRUISED EAGLET BREATHES: ‘YOU’RE WOUNDED! , ‘NAY’, HIS SOLDIER’S PRIDE TOUCHED TO THE QUICK, HE SAID: ‘I’M KILLED, SIRE! † AND HIS CHIEF BESIDE, SMILING, THE BOY FELL DEAD. Explanation These lines bring to light Napoleon’s loving and affectionate behaviour towards the young soldier who was about to breathe his last. The good news of success had brought to Napoleon’s eyes a special kind of glitter which faded away no sooner had he noticed that the soldier was fatally wounded. The feelings of Napoleon at that moment were just like those of the mother eagle who gets confused when she finds her young ones badly bruised and on the verge of death. She fails to understand how to save their lives. Similarly, that maternal affection surged up in Napoleon’s heart and he inquired whether the boy was wounded. The soldier proudly declared that he felt joy and thrill in giving his life for his country. There was a smile of pride and satisfaction on the young soldier’s lips as he fell dead near his emperor’s feet. How to cite Incident of the French Camp, Papers

Mobile Forensic on Iphone free essay sample

In recent years, mobile forensics is a new science, which means that the items we are used to retrieve from computers are not available on the mobile devices; one such example is deleted files. By constantly changing the models of mobile phones, it is deemed to be a great challenge. Therefore, there is a need to be able to perform forensic investigations on mobile phones since majority of the people rely on mobile phones, particularly iPhone. Also, iPad and iTouch are also hot products developed by Apple. The iPhone was first released to the market in June 2007. The main purpose of the iPhone released was to allow consumers and the public to be able to check their emails, take photographs, browse the internet and many more functions on the go which saves them trouble of switching on their laptop or PC just to check and make their replies respectively. Other than the named functions of an iPhone, there are also applications that help the organization work flow and also provide entertainment. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile Forensic on Iphone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As iPhone has been widely used today, more and more applications are developed to help one does their job on the go. These applications not only serve to help the organization, it also helps students and even the elderly these days. With such a robust amoung of iPhone users, many consumers have treated it as a mini computer no matter where they go. With a large number of users using this smart phone, this would mean that most of the data will be stored in this small little device. In iPhone forensics, there are many aspects which we are looking at in terms of hardware and software. We will further explain the aspects below. iPhone Specification Comparing the differences between the four different iPhone models, iPhones do have integrated GPS except that of iPhone first generation, which can actually track the location of the iPhones. This helps in tracking the previous locations which the iPhone has been which the information can be viewed at the micro read level which will be covered later on. Also, the table below shows the basic applications inbuilt in the iPhone. These applications might render some help in the mobile forensic investigation. Application| How information helps| Map| Previous location user has gone to| Call| Provide call logs between user and others| Photos| Provide latitude and longitude when the picture was taken (if location services are enabled)| Mail| Emails received/sent/drafts| Messages| Conversations between user and others| Calender| Provides dates user deemed as important (marked dates)| By having the information from these built-in applications, we can at least gather some evidence and document the end results to further on analyze before we can recover deleted files such as deleted emails. iPhone leveling When we talk about iPhone leveling, we will tools to do the different classification. The tool, developed by Sam Brothers in 2007, allows the examiner to assign the iPhone to whichever category depending on the different depths of examination they are doing. The main purpose of this tool is to allow easier comparison between the tools and provides a standard for examiners. The purpose is also to let examiners know what they are doing with the iPhone. Figure 1. 1 It can be seen that the higher the different level of pyramid, the more technical the methods will be. For each of the levels progressing up, the time needed for performing analysis will be significantly longer. Also, the techniques will be in-depth each by each level. Manual Extraction is the most significant phrase as it is the first hand information of the device, first hand meaning the physical contact of the phone, browsing the data using the keypad and documenting the results. There will be error in the analysis will arise if the phone is physically damaged (Screen unresponsive/ Buttons spoilt). In Level two, this involves logical analysis. Logical Analysis, involves a connection of the device with a computer and analyzing it with software. This involves looking into details of what the phone has. In level 3, which is the hex dump, requires a connection to be established in Level 2 in order to push the data stored on the phone across to the communication conduit. The next level is Chip-off level. This involves the acquisition directly from the device memory chip which is the NAND Flash Memory. The chip will be physically removed from the device and data will be extracted from the chip reader and stored on a computer. One challenges faced is that the time taken to interpret and read the raw data will be long. The last level will be the Micro Read level. This level involves manual reading of physical gates and interpreting data seen on the chip. Because it is at the highest level, this means that the process of micro reading is time consuming and expensive. Acquisition Types There are a few acquisition types. The types of acquisition include: Backup, Logical, Physical and Nontraditional. These few types of acquisition techniques may overlap with what is covered in the previous sections. I will explain further in the different types below. Backup Backup in IPhone is stored in the active directory. When we sync data on iPhone, it is simply to ensure what is kept in the phone is in sync in the PC, only certain data are synced. For example, photos, contacts and some application data are sync. In the backup phase, every single files or directory is being duplicated. For example, call logs, SMS and other applications are all backed up. In this acquisition type, it will read the data from the iPhone backup files created through the iTunes using Apple Synchronization Protocol. Only files that are synchronized by this protocol can be analyzed. Logical In logical acquisition, it involves direct obtaining of data from the iPhone and is preferred over recovering files from the computer the iPhone have sync with. Using this approach, the active files and folders from the iPhone’s file system are recovered; however data contained in the unallocated phrase (slack space) is not recovered. Physical In physical acquisition, it allows bit by bit copy of the file system of the iPhone. The process of this particular acquisition is a more complex process as it recovers the most data. This method can recover any data stored on the phone. When looking further at this type of acquisition, even deleted messages , photos , GPS location can be recovered. Nontraditional In a nontraditional method, Jail breaking could be one techniques in the nontraditional methods. In a jail broken firmware, it is meant to modify the firmware to allow better flexibility. This technique of investigations will require a high educational experience personnel as the firmware is already mess up. IPhone OS In iPhone, IOS is the platform and the operating system that is developed for iPhone. With the IOS developed, it is now running in different devices like the IPad, Itouch and so on. IOS Layers Layers| Description of layers| Core OS| This layer is situated directly above the hardware which provides the services which include low-level networking, access to the accessories as well as OS handling. | Core Services| Provides the minimum systems needs that are required in the applications of the device. It contains fundamental interface to allow low level data types. | Media| This is the part where all the audio and videos are stored. | Cocoa Touch| Contains technological things that provide the backbone to implement the virtual interface for applications. Objective –C is being used. | File System The file system used by any Apple device is HFS Plus. The HFS Plus is used to ensure that disk space efficiency is met, international-friendly filenames and making it compatible to any operating systems. iPhone disk partitions iPhone uses NAND Flash which have two partitions. The two partitions are firmware partition and user data partition. The firmware partition is when the operating system and the applications are hold. The user partition takes up most space on the disk. This is the place where most evidence can be found. The info taken from this part of the partition will be transforming to a disk image and named as a ‘. dmg’ file and put on mac for further analysis. The table below will show you more about the two partitions: | Partition 1 â€Å"System†| Partition 2 â€Å"User Data†| Referred as| System or firmware partition| User Data or Media partition| Storage on device | 0. 93/8 GB; 1. 4/16GB; 2. 7/32GB| 7. 07/8GB; 14. 6/16 GB; 29. 3/32 GB| Mount location on iPhone| â€Å"/† (root)| â€Å"/Private/var†| Type of data stored| Operating System, basic application, firmware upgrades| All user data (SMS, Call Logs, Photos, ITunes files, etc)| Figure 1. Iphone disk partitions( Taken from reference below) Acquisition Techniques There are many acquisition techniques as discuss earlier. There are three main methods of acquisitions. The three main types are physical, logical and back up acquisition. In the Backup acquisition, the backup of the device on the computer is retrieved. This backup is used only when the device is not available. The following files status. plist, info,plist and manifest. plist are the files that contain configuration files about the phone or any apple device, backup files, and status of backup. The two main files that we are looking at is *. mdata and *. mdinfo. These two types of files are the binary files which contains user information that are not readable when opened directly. Tools are needed to enable you to read these files. All the plist file should be converted to xml in order for it to be legible. In an unencrypted backup, it is easy to acquire the data, while in an encrypted backup require a password to be keyed in before syncing. Therefore, the standard tool is not able to view the files directly unless a password cracking tool is used to decrypt the password. In a logical acquisition, active file system are being duplicated into another file. These files will then be viewed in particular tool and then export to become a report. The overall steps involve in the acquisitions is the following no matter what software is being used: 1. Run the forensic software of your choice 2. Connect the device 3. Begin to acquire the image from the phone: This step will pull out all the information from the device that is backup via the apple synchronization protocol. 4. Depending on the software you use, some of these could be turn into a report. Zdziarski Technique In this technique, the examiner could use bit-by-bit copy of the user data partition. This process requires the modifying of the read-only system partition. This method requires the examiner to know some commands in order to use this method as the tool is command line driven. There is some software required for this method which needs to be installed in the system partition to allow this to work. Once the phone is rebooted, the user initiates a raw disk image on the device and pulls it onto the forensic workstation for further analysis. iXAM Technique XAM was created by Forensic Telecommunications Services Ltd. This is a software base which requires a USB dongle. It runs on windows only, but able to run in a VM environment that can be run on Linux or Mac. iXAM is installed by running a setup file, provided by FTS on an external USB drive. The iXAM works when an unassigned code is sent over a USB connection to a device running in the DFU mode. Before I moved on further, I would like to describe on the different operating modes of a iPhone. Normal mode In the Normal mode, the device is on in a typical fashion. Recovery mode In the Recovery mode, the examiner will boot the device into iBoot, bypassing the Operating System. iBoot is something at level 2 of the Apple device which is where the recovery mode lies. By powering off the device, and holding down the home button and connect to your computer will move to the recovery mode. DFU mode In DFU mode, actions are required to initiate various actions on the iPhone, most commonly to perform a physical acquisition. It can be called as the â€Å"Firmware upgrade â€Å" mode. In order to get into DFU mode, you have to connect phone with the computer and make sure that itunes is not auto on. If it is auto connect to itunes be sure to exit. Then hold down both power and home button for ten secs and release the power button(while holding the home button) Continue to hold the home button for ten more secs to enter the DFU mode. When entered correctly, no apple logo should be seen. Once you are in the DFU mode, the code will run on the RAM and not at the user partition. The iXAM also prevents the device from connected to the external networks. This is an important feature as this allows the protection of the data which is required in computer forensics too. Real World Applications Mobile forensics on iPhone, iPad and iTouch has been widely used among all the countries due to the fact that Apple users have a fairly active hacking community which yielded tools and researches which support forensic investigations. Some examples of tools that supported are: -UFED Cellebrite -Oxygen Forensics for iPhone -MacLockPick SubRosaSoft By having forensic investigation, it is a must to make sure that the procedure of investigating the source information does not be modified in any manner just so to maintain the integrity of the information. If the source information has been modified and that the information could not be restored back to its original state, the forensic investigation will be deemed fail. Two techniques that can be utilized by the forensic software products are as follow: Backup: By analyzing the backup of the iPhone file system using Apples protocol. The procedure involves reading and acquires files explicitly synchronized by Apples synchronization from the iPhone. By querying the databases which the information are stored in, that is SQLite, the chance of recovering the information such as deleted call logs and messages will be higher. Physical bit-by-bit copy: The process involves a physical bit-by-bit copy of file system. Although this technique has the highest amount of data being recovered, it is usually considered to be more complex and requires other sophisticated tools. By having forensic investigations on mobile such as iPhone, challenges are often faced by the investigators. One such challenge is the time taken to perform the physical acquisitions and analysis. Secondly, there are more than a dozen of software and hardware solutions for the data extraction and analysis in the market. Product descriptions given on websites do not give clear understanding of software functions and features, which made the product, seemed unclear. Conclusion In order to do mobile forensic investigation or analysis, we must first know how the things work inside iPhone, iPad and iTouch. As it seem, all Apple touchscreen devices uses the same iOS (iPhone Operating System), therefore it is much easier to do a forensic analysis since they are all on the same platform. Reflections and Task Allocation Task Allocation: Spread across all parts and overall edit. By researching on the real-world applications, I found out that there are actually a lot of mobiles forensic tools out in the industry to try out. From this assignment, I have learnt that mobile forensics is equally important to the normal forensic investigations because in this technology advanced technology world, mobile forensic will be really needed in the near future. It consists of a lot of steps in order to get the data needed. E. g. deleted messages will have to go through a lot of process to retrieve, which might be time consuming. By Candice.